A new scientific study seen exclusively by the BBC indicates that the drug Thalidomide is still causing birth defects in Brazil today. It's been given to people suffering from leprosy to ease some of their symptoms, and some women have taken it unaware of the risks they run when pregnant.
Alan's family asked that he not be identified
Thalidomide was first marketed in the late 1950s as a sedative. It was given to pregnant women to help them overcome morning sickness - but it damaged babies in the womb, restricting the growth of arms and legs.
About 10,000 Thalidomide babies were born worldwide until the drug was withdrawn in the early 1960s. In most countries the Thalidomide children became Thalidomide adults, now in their 50s, and there were no more Thalidomide babies.
But in Brazil the drug was re-licensed in 1965 as a treatment for skin lesions, one of the complications of leprosy.
Leprosy is more prevalent in Brazil than in any other country except India. More than 30,000 new cases are diagnosed each year - and millions of Thalidomide pills are distributed.
Researchers now say 100 Brazilian children have injuries exactly like those caused by Thalidomide.
"A tragedy is occurring in Brazil... it is a syndrome which is completely avoidable," says Dr Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, a professor at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
But campaigners, doctors and leprosy sufferers say the drug is vital. They believe the benefits outweigh the risks.
Schuler-Faccini and other researchers from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre looked at the birth records of 17.5 million babies born between 2005 and 2010.
"We looked at all children with limb defects and those with the characteristic defects of Thalidomide," Schuler-Faccini says.
"We compared the distribution of Thalidomide tablets… with the number of limb defects and there was a direct correlation.
"The bigger the amount of pills in each state the higher the number of limb defects."
In the same 2005-2010 period, 5.8 million Thalidomide pills were distributed across Brazil.
"We had about 100 cases in these six years similar to Thalidomide syndrome," says another of the research team, Dr Fernanda Vianna.
Poor health education and widespread sharing of medicines may be to blame, she says.
This is what seems to have happened to Alan, who we meet in a small town in central Brazil.
Such is the taboo about his injuries, his family asks not to be identified.
He was born in 2005. He has no arms or legs. His hands begin just below is shoulder blades, his feet close to his hips.
He laughs a lot and loves to play computer games with his brothers.
There are clear warnings on Thalidomide packets and it is strictly regulated
He rolls his body to get around the house, and when going further afield is strapped into a wheel chair.
He is well looked after and has one-to-one tuition at school, but he must travel two hours by bus to the nearest town each week for physiotherapy.
His mother Gilvane took Thalidomide by accident. Her husband was given it for his leprosy and kept the pills mixed up with others.
"I took it when I was feeling sick, not feeling well, so I got the medicine and took it. I had already taken others like Paracetamol, to make myself feel better, without knowing I was pregnant.
"His father said that the doctor didn't tell him that women couldn't take it. He said they didn't tell him anything about it."
There are strict regulations around the drug. It can only be prescribed to a woman who is taking two forms of birth control and agrees to regular pregnancy tests.
There are clear warnings on the packets and there is a picture of a child damaged by Thalidomide.
But leprosy is a disease of the poor, in areas where healthcare is patchy and education is inadequate.
And plenty of people in Brazil argue that Thalidomide should continue to be used.
"Nowadays there is a myth about Thalidomide," says Mariana Jankunas, production co-ordinator at FUNED, a state-owned manufacturer of the drug.
"I think with information and publicity about the benefits that Thalidomide brings to patients this myth can be overcome, because the benefits outweigh the risks."
Doctors who prescribe the drug agree.
"It is the best drug," says Dr Francisco Reis, from the Leprosy Clinic at Curupaiti Hospital near Rio de Janiero.
From BBC News
The big questions are: Is talidomide beeing used responsabily? Are the patients well-informed about the consequences of this medicine on pregnant women? If so, do they care about following the instructions/ information given, or they just don't know how to avoid pregnancy? Even if they know, do pregnant women taking talidomide ever do any ultrasound scanning during their pregnancies or they don't see abortion as a solution?
These are important questions to be asked in a strongly catholic country where poverty is everywhere and the access to medical care in remote areas of the country is not easy.
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